Anyone about to start a language course gets stuck on the same question: what level am I? The Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) splits language ability into six levels. Here is what they actually mean, beyond the labels.A1 and A2: the basicsA1 is the level where you can introduce yourself, order in a restaurant, [...]

Anyone producing video content for an international market runs into this question sooner or later. Subtitle or dub? There is no answer that holds every time: the two routes serve different needs, at very different costs and turnaround times.What subtitling actually isSubtitling is not transcribing what is said and translating it. It is rewriting it [...]